Defining "Government"
Linda Liotta
Let's begin by asking: How do people recognize a government when they see one? What are the elements that go into making a government? In other words--what should we all be looking for, here, in evaluating the United Nations?
Well, historically, governments (totalitarian or otherwise) have always needed some very basic elements such as: a ruler and/or other governing body; a source of income for the government; currency, included here is a treasury and/or banking system; courts and legal systems to see that the laws are applied; a policing mechanism to ensure that laws are enforced; and military force to protect the interests of the government. Along with those structural elements there are usually an array of agencies established to carry out the business of the law makers, a flag, and some kind of oath of allegiance. Also, governments do things like write charters or constitutions to establish and define themselves and negotiate treaties with other governments. Does the United Nations have any or all of these components?
It may seem a little sophomoric to use dictionary definitions, nevertheless, Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary (1988) defines "government" in the following useful ways to which I will be returning:
" the office, authority or function of governing"
"the continuous exercise of authority over and the performance of functions for a political unit"
"the organization, machinery or agency through which a political unit exercises authority and performs functions and which is usually classified according to the distribution of power within it"
"the complex of political institutions, laws and customs through which the function of governing is carried out"
"a group of persons holding simultaneously the principal political executive office of a nation or other political unit and being responsible for the direction and supervision of public affairs" (emphasis added)
Black's Law Dictionary (Fifth Edition, 1979) further defines government as:
"The regulation, restraint, supervision or control which is exercised upon the individual members of an organized jural (of or relating to rights or obligations) society by those invested with authority;"
"or the act of exercising supreme political power or control." (emphasis added)
Do any or all of these definitions describe the present functions of the United Nations?
I'd like to define another word from Webster's dictionary, while I'm at it. The word is "treaty", and it is an integral part of any discussion of the U.N.
treaty: "a contract in writing between two or more political authorities (as states or sovereigns) formally signed by representatives duly authorized and usually ratified by the lawmaking authority of the state" (emphasis added)
You will notice that nowhere is the word "country" used in defining "government" . I have not cited it in my list of basic elements, either. And yet, when people think of government, they automatically visualize a country--some kind of defined land mass--going with the government--because they relate it back to themselves. The United Nations, of course does not have a "country" in the usual sense. That may be why the average person cannot quite see the United Nations as a government. Furthermore, most people love their homelands, their countries, and have no wish to dissolve borders. A commonly used phrase by the United Nations is, "A world without borders."
However, we must not be misled by the lack of a traditional "country" for the U.N. Instead, we must think globally and recognize that the "country" of the United Nations is the entire world land mass! Just as all the countries of the world are represented in the U.N., so too the U.N. claims dominion over all of their land--for the good of us all, whether we like it or not. The world Federalists who are open about their aspirations for World government has a bumper sticker which says, "United States
United Nations UNITED WORLD. "
U.S. Government of 1786 as Model for United Nations Government of 1995
Additionally, I would like to propose a model for considering the current state of the United Nations. It is that of the United States and the United States government in the year 1786--just prior to the Constitutional Convention of 1787. If you will recall, at that time the United States was operating under the Articles of Confederation. This meant that the thirteen States had virtually supreme sovereignty, creating a lot of practical operating problems for the U.S. government.
Recently, at the Federalism Summit in Cincinnati Governor Mike Leavitt of Utah described the circumstances back then with these words:
"The national [U.S.] government was just too weak and it simply wasn't working...The country staggered under a sixty million dollar debt. With no national tax system there was no means of repayment. Three different states were claiming part of Vermont. There was no national court system to resolve the disputes. Trade barriers and a fragmented monetary system strangled the economy. To foreign powers, this was no nation, just a group of small rebellious sovereigns not to be taken seriously. Something had to be done; the nation was floundering."
What Governor Leavitt is describing are the early stages of our own government. There were things that it could still not do because of the sovereignty of the States. However, it was a government, in spite of the gaps in its capabilities, and every American in this country knew it because they had fought and won a war just 10 years before to create that government.
Returning to the United Nations, it is possible--in an incredibly uncanny way--to take Governor Leavitt's description of the U.S. in 1786 and rewrite it to apply to the United Nations of today.
"The United Nations world government is just too weak and it simply isn't working...The U.N. staggers under a multi-billion dollar debt. With no world tax system there is no means of repayment. Three different factions are claiming part of Bosnia. There is no world court system to resolve the disputes. Trade barriers and a fragmented monetary system strangle the economy [of the U.N.]. To globalists, this is no world government, just a group of.... rebellious sovereigns [nation states] not to be taken seriously. Something has to be done; the U.N. is floundering."
Now, instead of the sovereignty of the 13 States in one country--the U.S.-- being an impediment to a stronger, centralized government, we see that it is the sovereignty of the hundreds of nation-states around the world which are the impediment to a stronger, centralized U.N. world government.
I hope that you will keep this model in mind as I make my argument for why the U.N. is a world government. Because, as I go through this analysis of the activities of the United Nations, it will become painfully clear that, unfortunately, the U.N. is a government--not of one nation, but of the whole world. This was always the intention. Today, the goals are to strengthen and improve its governmental functions.
To begin, let's run down a check list of exactly which of the elements of government, mentioned above, the United Nations has already. Later, I will go into much greater detail on specific elements.
LIST OF ELEMENTS DENOTING A GOVERNMENT ( An * after an element denotes it is already in existence in the United Nations):
Application of Definitions:
The definition of government according to Black's Law Dictionary:
As you can see, nearly all of the elements of government are already in place in the United Nations in one form or another. The only missing pieces are
Next, let's examine the United Nations Oath. It's important--and very revealing--to read it out loud.
"I solemnly swear to exercise in all loyalty, discretion and conscience the functions entrusted to me as an international civil servant of the United Nations, to discharge these functions and regulate my conduct with the interests of the United Nations only in view. And not to seek or accept instructions in any regard to the performance of my duties from any government or other authority external to the United Nations Organization."
(This is the oath that U.S. government officials, sworn to up hold the U.S. Constitution, take when they are appointed as U.S. representatives to the United Nations General Assembly, Security Council, or any other bureaucratic agency of the U.N. With the expanded role of the U.N. it is no longer just U.S. ambassadors to the U.N. who take this oath.)
Aside from the clear, unconstitutionality of U.S. officials swearing such an oath, note the use of the phrase "international civil servant". This is an interesting choice of words considering the universal understanding that the term "civil servant" refers to a person who works for a government.
Also note the phrase "...instructions...from any government...external to the United Nations Organization". In both of these quotes the United Nations is using language suggesting that it actually views itself as a government
So, just by reading of the U.N. Oath, we find evidence of the United Nations viewing itself as a world "government"--a world government that mandates itself to be above all others on earth.
Once, again, we find the United Nations representing itself in government terms. This time in the symbolism of the U.N. flag. On the United Nations Flag we find--depicted in sky blue--a bird's-eye view of the earth, showing all of the countries, but minus one thing--their borders. This Global sphere is encircled by a wreath of sky blue olive leaves. Olive leaves are a symbol of peace and, as such, they were given as prizes of honor to ancient Greek Olympic participants. You will remember that the Greek Olympics were held at a time when the city-states of the entire Greek Empire came together to compete in peace, setting aside for the occasion their warring differences. To the Greeks their empire was the world and they were the rulers of it in that pre-technology time. The symbolism of the flag matches the aim of the U.N.
The United Nations Charter, as with any constitution, is a crucial reason for the U.N. having the governmental powers that it has. The Charter outlines the structure of the U.N. and as with a constitution grants its duties and powers.
The greatest power of the United Nations comes from Chapter V, Article 24, paragraph 1 in which the Member nations of the U.N. actually transfer their sovereignty to the United Nations:
"In order to ensure prompt and effective action by the United Nations, its Members confer on the Security Council primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security, and agree that in carrying out its duties under this responsibility the Security Council acts on their behalf." (Emphasis added.)
Did you know that copies of the U.N. Charter are no longer available to Americans in our public libraries? Maybe this is why!
You will find with some of the Articles comments from Renewing the United Nations System by Erskine Childers with Brian Urquhart with regard to how they see changing the UN Charter in order to adopt the the needs of the 21st Century through UN Reform.
Messrs. Childers and Urquhart content that there is a "lost architecture" to the UN Charter and that "this concept of the UN as the authoritative centerpiece of an international system was reflected in the Charter Preamble, three of the UN's four Purposes i Article 1, Articles 13 and 55 and in the Status the Charter gives to ECOSOC." (p.40) (emphasis added)
Some of the highlights of the Charter, accentuating the extensive governmental and bureaucratic duties and powers of the U.N. government, include (emphasis added):
Chapter I: Purposes and Principles
Chapter I, Art. 1:
"The Purposes of the United Nations are:
"1. To maintain international peace and security, an to the end to take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats t the peace, and for the suppression of acts of aggression other breaches of the peace, and to bring about by peaceful means and in conformity with the principles of justice and international law, adjustment or settlement of international disputes or situations which might lead to a breach of the peace;"
"2. To develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self- determination of peoples, and to take other appropriate measures to strengthen universal peace;"
"3. To achieve international co-operation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character, and in promoting an encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all..."
"4. To be the Centre for harmonizing the actions of nations in the attainment of these common ends." (emphasis added)
Chapter I, Art. 2:
"2. All Members, in order to ensure to allot them the rights and benefits resulting form membership, shall fulfil in good faith the obligations assumed by men in accordance with the present Charter."
"5. All Members shall give the United Nations every assistance in any action it takes in accordance with the present Charter, and shall refrain from giving assistance to any state against which the United Nations is taking preventive or enforcement action."
"6. The Organization [U.N.] shall ensure that states which are not Member of the United Nations act in accordance with theses Principles so far as may be necessary for the maintenance of international peace and security."
"7. Nothing contained in the present Charter shall authorize the United Nations to intervene in matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any state or shall require the Members to submit such matters to settlement under the present Charter; but this principle shall not prejudice the application of enforcement measures under Chapter VII."
Chapter II: Membership
Chapter II, Art. 3:
"The original Members of the United Nations shall be the states which, having participated in the United Nations Conference on International Organization at San Francisco, or having previously signed the Declaration of United Nations of 1 January 1942, sign the present Charter and ratify it in accordance with Article 110."
Chapter II, Art. 4:
"1. Membership in the United Nations is open to other peace-loving states which accept the obligations contained in the present Charter and, in the judgement of the Organization [U.N.], are able and willing to carry out these obligations."
Chapter III: Organs
Chapter III, Art. 7:
"1. There are established as the principal organs of the United Nations: a General Assembly, a Security Council, an Economic and Social Council, a Trusteeship Council, an International Court of Justice and a Secretariat."
"2. Such subsidiary organs as may be found necessary may be established in accordance with the present Charter."
Chapter IV: The General Assembly
Chapter IV, Art. 11: "The General Assembly may consider the general principles of co-operation in the maintenance of international peace and security, including the principles governing disarmament and the regulation of armaments, and may make recommendations with regard to such principles..."
Chapter IV, Art. 13: "The General Assembly shall initiate studies and make recommendations for the purpose of :
a. promoting international co-operation in the political field and encouraging the progressive development of international law and its codification
b. promoting international co-operation in the economic, social, cultural, educational, and health fields and assisting in the realization of human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion.
Childers and Urquhart state that the phrase italicized above means, "that the UN should lead on strategy and policy....The verb 'promoting' to describe the central UN role was carefully chosen at San Francisco; the earlier Dunbarton Oaks draft used the much weaker verb 'facilitating.'"
Chapter IV, Art. 15:
1. "The General Assembly shall receive and consider annual special reports from the Security Council; these reports shall include an account of the measures that the Security council has decided upon or taken to maintain international peace and security."
Chapter IV, Art. 17:
"3. The Assembly shall consider and approve any financial and budgetary arrangements with specialized agencies referred to in Article 57 and shall examine the administrative budgets of such specialized agencies with a view to making recommendations to the agencies concerned."
Chapter V: The Security Council
Chapter V, Art. 24:
"1. In order to ensure prompt and effective action by the United Nations, its Members confer on the Security Council primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security, and agree that in carrying out its duties under this responsibility the Security Council acts on their behalf.
"2. In discharging these duties the Security Council shall act in accordance with the Purposes and Principles of the United Nations. The specific powers granted to the Security council for the discharging of theses duties are laid down in Chapter VI, VII, VIII, and XII."
Chapter V, Art. 28:
"1. The Security Council shall be so organized as to be able to function continuously..."
Chapter V, Art. 29:
"The Security Council may establish such subsidiary organs as it deems necessary for the performance of its functions."
Chapter VI: Pacific Settlements of Dispute
Chapter VI, Art. 33:
"1. The parties to any dispute, the continuance of which is likely to endanger the maintenance of international peace and security, shall, first...seek a solution by...peaceful means of their own.
"2. The Security Council shall, when it deems necessary, call upon the parties to settle their dispute by such means."
Chapter VI, Art. 34:
"The Security council may investigate any dispute, or any situation which might lead to international friction or give rise to a dispute in order to determine whether the continuance of the dispute or situation is likely to endanger the maintenance of international peace and security."
Chapter VI, Art. 36:
"1. The Security Council may, at any stage of a dispute of the nature referred to in Article 33 or of a situation of like nature, recommend appropriate procedures or methods of adjustment."
"3. In making recommendations under this Article the Security Council should also take into consideration that legal disputes should as a general rule be referred by the parties to the International Court of Justice in accordance with the provisions of the Statute of the Court."
Chapter VI, Art. 37:
"2. If the Security Council deems that the continuance of the dispute is in fact likely to endanger the maintenance of international peace and security, it shall decide whether to take action under Article 36 to recommend such terms of settlement as it may consider appropriate."
Chapter VII: Action With Respect to Threats to the Peace, Breaches of the Peace, and Acts of Aggression
Chapter VII, Art. 41:
"The Security Council may decide what measures not involving the use of armed force are to be employed to give effect to its decisions, and it may call upon the Members of the United Nations to apply such measures. These may include complete or partial interruption of economic relations and of rail, sea, air, postal, telegraphic, radio, and other means of communication, and the severance of diplomatic relations".
Chapter VII, Art. 42:
"Should the Security Council consider that measures provided in Article 41 would be inadequate or have proved to be inadequate, it may take such action by air, sea, or land forces as may be necessary to maintain or restore international peace and security. Such actions may include demonstrations, blockade and other operations by air, sea, or land forces of Members of the United Nations."
Chapter VII, Art. 43:
"1. All Members of the United Nations, in order to contribute to the maintenance of international peace and security, undertake to make available to the Security Council on its and in accordance with a specific agreement or agreements, armed forces, assistance, and facilities, including rights of passage, necessary for the purpose of maintaining international peace."
Chapter VII, Art. 46:
"Plans for the application of armed force shall be made by the Security Council with the assistance of the Military Staff Committee."
Chapter VII, Art. 49:
"The Members of the United Nations shall join in affording mutual assistance in carrying out the measures decided upon by the Security Council."
Chapter VII, Art. 51:
"Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right of individual or collective self-defense if an armed attack occurs against a Member of the United Nations, until the Security Council has taken measures necessary to maintain international peace and security. Measures taken by the
Members in the exercise of this right of self-defense shall be immediately reported to the Security council and shall not in any way affect the authority and responsibility of the Security Council under the present Charter to take at any time such action as it deems necessary in order to maintain to restore international peace and security.
Chapter VIII: Regional Arrangements
Chapter VIII, Art. 54:
"The Security Council shall at all times be kept fully informed of activities undertaken or in contemplation under regional arrangements or by regional agencies for the maintenance of international peace and security."
Chapter IX- International Economic and Social Co-operation
Chapter IX, Art. 55:
"With a view to creation of conditions of stability and well-being which are necessary for peaceful and friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples, the United Nations shall promote:
a. higher standards of living, full employment, and conditions of economic and social progress and development;
According to Childers and Urquhart, the term 'economic' was to be interpreted to include international trade, finance, communications and transport, economic reconstruction and under 'economic problems', international access to raw materials and capital goods."
b. solutions of international economic, social, health, and related problems; and international cultural and educational co-operation; and
c. universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex language, or religion."
According to Childers and Urquhart, the Economic and Security Council, based on their description, in which it "would help/advise the Council on: (1) promotion of world-wide full employment and coordination of national full employment policies, (2) prevention of economic instability (3) [address] urgent problems of economic reconstruction, (4) economic development of under-developed areas." They state, "this description of functions indicates that the founding governments intended ECOSOC to be the 'economic security council' that is now mooted." (p. 57) Furthermore, "The intent could scarcely be more clear. The UN and its principal organs should formulate global policies on trade, exchange and employment in the international community, to be implemented by the relevant specialized agencies." "From all of the foregoing it is clear that the UN was intended by governments as the worlds' centerpiece for the formulation of global macro- economic policy."
Chapter IX, Art. 56:
"All Members pledge themselves to take joint and separate actions in co-operation with the Organization [U.N.] for the achievement of the purposes set forth in Article 55."
Chapter IX, Art. 57:
"1. The various specialized agencies, established by intergovernmental agreement and having wide international responsibilities, as defined in their basic instruments, in economic, social, cultural, educational, health and related fields, shall be brought into relationship with the United Nations in accordance with the provisions of Article 63."
Childers and Urquhart state with regard to the italicized phrase above, "is the founders' picture of the UN as the senior and active leader of a cooperative system. (Referring to specialized agencies, established by intergovernmental agreement and having wide international responsibilities...economic, social, cultural, educational, health and related fields.) (p. 42)
"2. Such agencies thus brought into relationship with the United Nations are hereinafter referred to as specialized agencies."
Chapter IX, Art. 58:
"The Organization [U.N.] shall make recommendations for the co-ordination of the policies and activities of the specialized agencies."
Childers and Urquhart state with regard to the italicized phrase above, "shall make recommendations for co-ordination" expressed the reality in international law. The International Labor Organization was already a "sovereign" international organization. Unless governments were to amend its constitution, the UN could not legally order it to adjust policy or activities. The same constitutional separateness would obtain for the nascent World Bank, IMF, and FAO. Even so, the clear assumption of the founders was that the General Assembly would recommend coordination of policies and activities to essentially the same membership of governments in the agencies' governing bodies, and that these would transfer the recommendations into binding, operating realities." (p.42)
Childers and Urquhart state "Unless the Un is re-empowered under Article 58 as the deliberative and negotiating centre for truly global macro-economic policies, the organization will play little effective part in reversing the current trends toward economic and social chaos." (p. 63)
Chapter IX, Art. 59:
"The Organization [U.N.] shall, where appropriate, initiate negotiations among the states concerned for the creation of any new specialized agencies required for the accomplishment of the purposed set forth in Article 55."
Chapter IX, Art. 60:
"Responsibility for the discharge of the functions of the Organization set forth in this Chapter shall be vested in the General Assembly and, under the authority of the General Assembly in the Economic and Social Council, which shall have for this purpose the powers set forth in Chapter X."
Chapter X: The Economic and Social Council
Chapter X, Art. 61:
"1. The Economic and Social Council shall consist of fifty-four Members of the United Nations elected by the General Assembly."
Chapter X, Art. 62:
"1. The Economic and Social Council may make or initiate studies and reports with respect to international economic, social, cultural, educational, health, and related matters and may make recommendations with respect to any such matters to the General Assembly, to the members of the United Nations, and to the specialized agencies concerned."
"4. It may call, in accordance with the rules prescribed by the United Nations, international conferences on matters falling within its competence.
Chapter X, Art. 63:
"1. The Economic and Social Council may enter into agreements with any of the agencies referred to in Article 57, defining the terms on which the agency concerned shall be brought into relationship with the United Nations. Such agreements shall be subject to approval by the General Assembly."
"2. It may co-ordinate the activities of the specialized agencies through consultation with and recommendations to such agencies and through recommendations to the General Assembly and to the Members of the United Nations."
Chapter X, Art. 64:
"1. The Economic and Social Council may take appropriate steps to obtain reports from the specialized agencies, may make arrangements with the Members of the United Nations and with the specialized agencies to obtain reports on the steps taken to give effect to its own recommendations and recommendations on matters falling within its competence made by the General Assembly."
Chapter X, Art. 66:
"1. The Economic and Social Council shall perform such functions as fall within its competence in connection wit the carrying out of the recommendations of the General Assembly."
"2. It may, with the approval of the General Assembly, perform services at the request of Members of the United Nations and at the request of specialized agencies."
"3. It shall perform such other functions as are specified elsewhere in the present Charter or as may be assigned to it by the General Assembly."
Chapter X, Art. 68:
"The Economic and Social Council shall set up commissions in economic and social fields and for the promotion of human rights, and such other commissions as may for the performance of its functions."
Chapter X, Art. 71,
"The Economic and Social Council may make suitable arrangements for consultation with non-government organizations which are concerned with matters within its competence. Such arrangements may be made with international organizations and, where appropriate, with national organizations after consultation with the Member of the United Nations concerned."
Chapter XI: Declaration Regarding Non-self-governing Territories
Chapter XI, Art. 73:
"Members of the United Nations which have or assume responsibility for the administration of territories whose peoples have not yet attained a full measure of self-government recognize...as a sacred trust the obligation to promote...the system of international peace and security established by the present Charter...to this end:
b. to develop self-government, to take due account of the political aspirations of the peoples, and to assist them in the progressive development of their free political institutions...
d. to promote constructive measures of development, to encourage research, and to co-operate with or another and, when and where appropriate, with specialized international bodies with a view to the practical achievement of the social, economic, and scientific purposes set forth with this Article; and
e. to transmit regularly to the Secretary-General for information purposes, subject to such limitation as security and constitutional considerations may require, statistical and other information of a technical nature relating to economic, social, and educational conditions in the territories for which they are respectively responsible other than those territories to which Chapters XII and XIII apply."
Chapter XII: International Trusteeship System
Chapter XII, Art. 75:
"The United Nations shall establish under its authority an international trusteeship system for the administration and supervision of such territories as may be placed thereunder by subsequent individual agreements. These territories are hereinafter referred to as trust territories."
Chapter XII, Art. 79:
"The terms of trusteeship for each territory to be placed under the trusteeship system, including any alteration or amendment, shall be agreed upon by the states directly concerned, including the mandatory power in the case of territories held under mandate by a Member of the United Nations, and shall be approved as provided in Articles 83 and 85."
Chapter XII, Art. 81:
"The trusteeship agreement shall in each case include the terms under which the trust territory will be administered and designate the authority which will exercise the administration of the trust territory. Such authority, hereinafter called the administering authority, may be one or more states or the Organization [U.N.] itself.
Chapter XII, Art. 82:
"There may be designated, in any trusteeship agreement, a strategic area or areas which may include part or all of the trust territory to which agreement applies, without prejudice to any special agreement or agreements made under Article 43."
Chapter XII, Art. 83:
"1. All functions of the United Nations relating to strategic areas, including the approval of the terms of the trusteeship agreements and of their alteration or amendment, shall be exercised by the Security Council."
"2. The basic objectives set forth in Article 76 shall be applicable to the people of each strategic area. The Security Council shall, subject to the provisions of the trusteeship agreements and without prejudice to security considerations, avail itself of the assistance of the Trusteeship Council to perform those functions of the United Nations under the trusteeship system relating to political, economic, social and educational matters in the strategic areas."
Chapter XII, Art. 84:
"It shall be the duty of the administering authority to ensure that the trust territory shall play its part in the maintenance of international peace and security. To this end the administering authority may make use of volunteer forces, facilities assistance from the trust territory in carrying out the obligations toward the Security Council undertaken in this regard by the administering authority, as well as for local defense and the maintenance of law and order within the trust territory."
Chapter XII, art. 85:
"1. The functions of the United Nations with regard to trusteeship agreements for all areas not designated as strategic, including the approval of the terms of the trusteeship agreements and of their alteration or amendment, shall be exercised by the General Assembly."
"2. The Trusteeship Council, operating under the authority of the General Assembly, shall assist the General Assembly in carrying out these functions."
Chapter XIII: The Trusteeship Council
Chapter XIII, Art. 91:
"The Trusteeship Council shall, when appropriate, avail itself of the assistance of the Economic and Social Council and of the specialized agencies in regard to matters with which they are respectively concerned."
Chapter XIV: The International Court of Justice
Chapter XIV, Art. 92:
"The International Court of Justice shall be the principal judicial organ of the United Nations. It shall function in accordance with the annexed Statute, which is based upon the Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice and forms an integral part of the present Charter."
Chapter XIV, Art. 93:
"1. All members of the United Nations are facto parties to the Statute of the International Court of Justice."
Chapter XIV, Art. 94:
"1. Each Member of the United Nations undertakes to comply with the decision of the International Court of Justice in any case to which it is a party."
"2. If any party fails to perform the obligations incumbent upon it under a judgement rendered by the Court, the other party may have recourse to the Security Council, which may, if it deems necessary make recommendations to decide upon measures to be taken to give to the judgement."
Chapter XV: The Secretariat
Chapter XV, Art. 97:
"The Secretariat shall comprise a Secretary-General and such staff as the Organization may require. The Secretary-General shall be appointed by the General Assembly upon the recommendations of the Security Council. He shall be the chief administrative officer of the Organization [U.N.]."
Chapter XV, Art. 98:
"The Secretary-General shall act in that capacity in all meetings of the General Assembly, of the Security Council, of the Economic and Social Council, and of the Trusteeship Council, and shall perform such other functions as are entrusted to him by these organs. The Secretary-General shall make an annual report to the General Assembly on the work of the Organization [U.N.]."
Chapter XV: Art. 101:
"2. Appropriate staffs shall be permanently assigned to the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, and, as required, to other organs of the United Nations. These staffs shall form a part of the Secretariat."
Chapter XVI: Miscellaneous Provisions
Chapter XVI, Art. 103:
"In the event of a conflict between the obligations of the members of the United Nations under the present Charter and their obligations under any other international agreement, their obligations under the present Charter shall prevail."
Chapter XVI, Art. 104:
"The Organization [U.N.] shall enjoy in the territory of its Members such legal capacity as may be necessary for the exercise of its functions and the fulfillment of its purposes."
Chapter XVI, Art. 105:
"1. The Organization [U.N.] shall enjoy in the territory of each of its Members such privileges and immunities as are necessary for the fulfillment of its purposes."
"2. Representatives of the Members of the United Nations and officials of the Organization [U.N.] shall similarly enjoy such privileges and immunities as are necessary for the independent exercise of their functions in connection with the Organization [U.N.]."
"3. The General Assembly may make recommendations with a view to determining the details of the application of paragraphs 1 and 2 of this Article or may propose conventions to the Members of the United Nations for this purpose."
We all know that governments evolve, going into and out of existence over time. They inevitably begin small and grow larger and larger with time. The United Nations is still in its adolescence, still missing its own personal military and world tax. It still borrows soldiers, like my buddies who were just sent to Macedonia. It still has to cut deals to finagle money for its agencies. Otherwise, the U.N. World Government is in full swing, setting economic, social, environmental and military policy all over the world, including my country, the United States of America.
Very recently, Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia in a speech on the floor of the U.S. Senate, referring to an aspect of the 1996 budget made the following remark,
"If it barks, wags its tail and lifts its leg like a dog--it's a dog."
With all due respect ,Sirs, this same remark can be applied to the United Nations." Is it a world government? Yes, it is!